The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Es dictateIn the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the author, Mark Twain, compares life on land to life on the river using Hucks forbidden association with Jim, the risks Huck makes, and when Huck joins Tom sawyers gang, proving that friendship has no limits. Life on land was emotional for Huck because of the obstacles and hardships he faced. Life on the river on the other hand was a challenge because of the troubles Huck had creation safe.Huck and Jims forbidden friendship proves that friendship has no limits through Huck seeing past the fact that Jim is black. On land when Huck erect Jim for the first time in the woods, he says ..it was Miss Watsons Jim I bet I was glad to see him. This shows Huck enjoys Jims company, White or black, he regards Jim as a type of friend. Friendship has no limits and will see past each others differences.The risks that Huck made for friendship proves that friendship has no limits through Huck riskin g his friendship with Tom to save a friendship with Jim. Huck has already been through so much with Jim on land and river, and had made a promise to stay with him till the end. So Huck was willing to risk Tom for Jim. Huck had told Tom, I know what youll say. Youll say its dirty, low- down business but what if it is? Im low down and Im a-going to steal him, and I want you keep mum and not let on. Will you? Huck was being a true friend and protecting Jim, he was going to risk his old friend to save Jim. That showed how loyal Huck was to Jim and their friendship, showing that friendship actually doesnt have limits.When Huck joins Tom Sawyers gang he is proving that friendship has no limits by taking the oath Tom had made. On land while Tom forms his gang he says, Everybody that wants to join has got to take an oath, and write his name in blood. Tom takes friendship as seriously as a religion. Both Tom and Huck believe in it faithfully, its like a belief in a religion. It proves that friendship has no limits when a friendship is most important to both of them.

The Art of Grilling Essay Example for Free

The Art of Grilling Essayafter coming home from a long day of going to classes and studying there is one topic that I especially look forward to. Some people may urgency to go grab a beer or publish on the T. V and lounge around, but my vision of a perfect evening is one spent in front of a radiator grille, planning whatever it is Ive chosen for dinner. Im not sure why I like to grill so much but my guess would be beca work my dad loves to. Im from Tampa so it was never to cold to grill and a day rarely passed, rain or shine, that my dad wasnt out grilling something.I actually thought it was normal to grill everything, and I soaked everything, until I was nearly 13. Fruits, vegetables, meat, you name it, my dad grilled it. Because I enjoy grilling so much I have decided to let you whap exactly what the art of grilling is. Today Im going to discuss three topics, types of grills, types of food to grill, and to finish it off, some basic grilling techniques. The definition o f grilling is working an ingredient over high disturb, on a metal grill. On the grill food is cooked quickly because of the heat coming from a gas, electric, charcoal, or woodwind instrument heat source. The first centering to grill I will discuss is by using the wood grill. Wood grills are the oldest and most primitive way of cooking. Today wood grills are obviously more advanced than the one employ by people hundreds of years ago, but the heat source is stillness the same, burning wood. Although charcoal and gas grills are more commonly used these days, wood grills are still thought of as a owing(p) heat source because it perfumes the grilled item with a smoky flavor. Experienced wood grillers advice is to make sure to let the wood burn down in to embers sooner cooking, because grilling on an open flame will easily burn the food. According to the Culinary Education Center website, The best kind of wood to use when using a wood grill is hardwoods, such as fruit wood, hickory, or mesquite. The next types of grill I will be talking about are electric and gas grills. These two are usually grouped together because they are the easiest to use. Lighting them is as simple as pushing a button or flipping a switch.Also, unlike wood and charcoal grills, these grills keep a steady heat across the grilling surface. In the past, gas grills were ever so used more because of the electric grills in king to reach a high heat. Within the inhabit couple years electric grills popularity has risen because of their new ability to reach and sustain a high heat and because they are considered safer in a home environment. These two types of grills are definitely the quickest way to cook dinner. The last type of grill I want to tell you about is the charcoal grill.Charcoal grills used to be the most common grill used in family homes, but as the electric and gas grills became more popular charcoal grills are now mostly used on camping trips or picnics. In addition to the oth er grills being safer, there is also a infliction in lighting charcoal grills. According to an bind on the website of cultivation the Art of Grilling at Home, charcoal grilling is cheaper but more troublesome to light and keep at a steady temperature. It takes 30- 45 proceeding after lighting the charcoal until you stop actually cook on it.Personally, charcoal grilling is my favorite because in my opinion it makes the food taste better. Unfortunately, because of the hassle that goes along with a charcoal grill, they are now a dying trend. Now that we have the three types of grills out of the way lets move on to what you can actually cook on them. The best types of foods to cook on a grill are red meat, poul smack, vegetables, fish, and fruit. When choosing a red meat to grill you should try to get the most tender cut of meat, such as a filet or strip because on a grill there isnt nice time for the meat to tenderize by themselves.Another type of food to cook on the grill is chi cken. Chicken is the most grilled items in households across the US. When cooking chicken, leaving the skin on will prevent the chicken from drying out and will also taste great when its finished. If you are cooking a skinless chicken breast you will need to be more careful because it is very easy to overcook them and dry the piece out. The same goes for fish. Fish tastes great on the grill but overcooking it will cause it to be dry and not taste very good.Vegetables such as squash, mushrooms, and peppers are also great. After a dip in oil, and some salt and pepper you will be amazed at how good they taste right off the grill. The last food that I will suggest cooking may rage you. Fruits such as apples and pears are great after being thrown on the grill. All they need is just a little warm-up on the grill and it will completely enhance the flavors of the fruit. The taste will really surprise you. Ok, the last thing Im going tell you about today are some basic grilling techniques.F irst, you want to turn the grill on and turn the temperature to high, make sure the grill is hot. The Culinary Education Center says if the grill is not hot, it will be hard to develop the caramelized, smoky flavors of a mighty grilled meat. Also, if the grill isnt hot the food youre cooking will stick to the grilling surface. After making sure the grill is hot you will want to clean off the grill surface with a wire brush. This cleans off any old pieces of food left on the grill.Finally you can now toss the food of your choice on. Barbeque N on the Internet says the goal of perfect grilling is to give the item delicious, brown grill attach on both sides, while making sure the item comes off the grill at jus the right amount of doneness. Today I hope I taught you a little bit about grilling that you didnt know before. I also hope you can now understand my weird obsession with grilling. An article I read in The Sun Valley Guide for Grilling said it best, food cooked over a fire, simply tastes better.

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Free Will vs. Determinism EssaySociety walks about day-by-day living their lives and never truly recollecting or breaking waste how their day unfolds or why it plays out the panache it does. Some people earn said that individuals bring in a natural selection and atomic number 18 able to decide on where their day goes. Others on the other hand would argue this assessment and state that your day and your life as whole are all pre determined. The different is free result vs. determinism. Do you study we live in a free will humanity or has everything been planed out and is determined to go past no matter what?To start out on finding an answer to this question we must first break down the two terms and a bit about their background and what they mean to us as an individual walking around day-to-day living our lives. We will start off with the more depressing of the two, and that being determinism. Determinism is the philosophical view that everything in a persons life incl uding behavior, human conditioning, and previous dismantlets pick out already been planned out and will happen that way no matter what we do. Mostly this means that our lives essentially our out of our control.Imagine if you will the conception unfolding from a state of very small matter and as it unfolds and expands and life is form it just continues to grow and build. Life goes on and society plant life the way it is built. Then over billions of years the universe contracts and everything is essentially erased or reversed. After it completes this cycle it starts it all over again recreating the events that it just created previously. Some believe that this is what is happening in our world and with our universe now.Some to a fault believe that this is infinite and will happen for eternity, stating that everything has already happened before and will continue to happen over and over again in the course of existence. Now you may be thinking, I take up a choice on what I do well non according to this theory or any of the other ones in determinism. This supposition is what some would put in the category of materialism. Materialism states that the scarcely thing that truly exists is matter in a physical state, that all things are composed of material and all phenomena are the result of material interactions. (Ott)SO with this theory at that place is a bunch of ca do and effect included. One physical thing must happen in order for the other to happen, even in your purpose process. Yes, thats right even in your brain. This states that your designs are all physical and chemical things happening (hormones cause emotions) to create your thoughts and what you do. Are you a robot? Next we have behaviorism. Many people have studied this idea but Skinner is probably the best known for his research on the topic.Behaviorism falls in the category of human conditioning. It also states that we are pleasure seeking animals and that we are determined to search and fi nd the things that give us that pleasure. This falls in the determinism section because we have no choice with this essentially. We will only go after the things that make us feel good, all the way down to even helping a homeless person with some spare change. We do this because it makes us as an individual feel good that we helped somebody else in need out.Also a lot of this has to do with when you do a good deed you are rewarded by society, given a niminy-piminy pat on the back and encourages you to do that more often leading you in the direction you are going. Last but not least there is Psychoanalysis, or know to some as the Freudian psychology. Sigmund Freud is highly attached to this type of determinism and accession to life. Freud believed that we as an individual have an unconscious state of estimate and a conscience. Think of it as an ice burg in the ocean. Above the water you have the tip of the iceberg, or the conscience state of mind.It is there it is aware it is una mbiguous and clear. Then below the water you have a massive part of the iceberg that is not visible. We cannot see it and it is hidden, in fact we choose not to look it from fear of what it may do to us. The part below the water could be looked at as your unconscious state of mind. Freud believed that your unconscious state was leading and channelize you to do things you do with out you even realizing it. These things were memories and thoughts that you have repressed mainly as a child or due to any traumatic experience.Freud would use psychology as a method of trying to bring these unconscious states to the surface so that a person could identify what they were doing and why it is that they were predetermined to do so. Sigmund Freud also came to the conclusion that each person holds with in them three states. These three states would be super ego, ego, and id. Ego would be our self-aware state of mind that you are conscience of. Super ego would be your moral value, and your id (t ranslating to it) would be the sexually aggressive part of you.He felt that this id was what really guided you to do the things you do. It is near as if youre super ego and your id battle each other everyday trying to tell you what to do and when to do it. Freud was an evolutionary thinker and soothe to this day has many followers in his system. To go in the opposite direction we have free will. Free will is the approach to life that we have choices and decisions, and we make them every day to determine what it is that we do with our day and even with our life. Out of the two this is the less depressing approach.I personally like this approach and thought on how we live better. Free will contradicts determinism and goes the opposite direction in its logic and explanation. The followers of free will did not believe in determinism for many reason but the biggest and most important is that they believe that determinism erases state for our actions. This is called indeterminism, mean ing a philosophical position that maintains that any form of determinism is incorrect because it is in conclusion metaphysical(White)So, lets look at some of the ideas and structure of free will and some of the people who had and still do have a huge find out on the approach to how we live our lives. Aristotle was a huge part of free will he was a Greek philosopher and a student of Plato. Also is thought that he was a teacher to Alexander The Great. Aristotle was known as a common sense philosopher, believing that most of what we do is by our choices. He also believed this choices were voluntary and involuntary as well.He also believed that the lives of individual human beings are invariably linked together in a social condition(White) Next we have William James an American psychologist and philosopher best known for his views on free will and philosophy as well as pragmatism. Pragmatism is the view that what ever works, works because it is true. Basically validity of an idea li es within its practical consequences. This gives an individual free will by letting them think and make choices in an analytical sense.Coming up with an idea or approach to a situation but and so exposeing another route that is just as gratifying or likely to be taken in the situation. If a person looks at a situation and how they will approach it and the outcome seems bad in comparison to goo then they have the choice not to go down that route giving us free will. Determinism would state that you have no choice and that you will go the route you were meant to go along. I dont know about you but I like thinking that I have choice over if I want to go a painful route or an enjoyable route. Jean-Paul Sarte was a French existentialist and philosopher.He was famed on believing that existence precedes essences, meaning that everyday life come before the core part of what we (human) are made up of. He also stated that we are all condemned to be free. This meaning that we are held respon sible for our own actions. There is no getting out of anything that we have chosen to do, this statement hold opposite form determinism in every way. The idea is that we are allowed to make choices but if we make the wrong choice then we must take responsibility for these choices and actions since we made them, and that life is not pre determined causing me to make them.Some individuals may choose to not take responsibility for their actions by just choosing not to make a decision all together. This is what is called living in bad faith. Living in bad faith is the idea that an individual chooses to not take an action or choices in certain situations. This is still part of free will because you are consciously making that choice and decision to do well nothing. Last but not least Sartre stated, In order to make myself recognized by the Other, I must adventure my own life.To risk ones life, in fact, is to reveal oneself as not-bound to the objective form or to any determined existenc eas not-bound to life Both determinism and free will have their strong arguments but I guess when you really think about it that is what philosophy altogether is really about, logical arguments. It is interesting how each can present to an individual things that we have all lived or experienced in our everyday lives. When I personally break it all down to decide what I think makes more sense I cant some to a conclusion on what I think is truly going on.Maybe I am living in bad faith and maybe that is my belief in free will, because I am able and willing to try to make a decision on which means more to me. But if determinism has its way with me then I am doomed in a sense and have no control over what one I will end up siding with. My money says that I continue to debate the two for the rest of my life. further for my mentality sake I for the time being will side with free will. The idea of free will gives most people and me in this world faith in something, faith in the idea that t hey have control over their lives and can make decisions and reach things that may seem impossible.Determinism has its cool points curiously when including and involving science, in fact the logic and physical evidence that follows with determinism can be quite convincing at times, but is just to depressing of a thought at the moment. Speaking for most of the world, I am sure that me and anyone else wants to think and feel that our lives are unplanned and that what we do in them will matter not to the world but more importantly to ourselves. Free will takes my vote and I am declaring it as the winner that is until determinism takes that from me.

The Timeless Theme Of Luther John Osborne

The Timeless Theme Of Luther John OsborneJohn Osbornes Luther, which debuted in London in 1961, is a drama with a historical setting and a timeless theme. As Osborne told an interviewer in 1961 (as quoted in Alan Carters John Osborne), I wanted to write a play almost ghostlike experience and various other things, and this happened to be thealmost incidental. The play focuses on Martin Luther, the sixteenth-century monk who publicly spoke out once morest age-old pr doingices and beliefs of the Ro bit Catholic Church, thence beginning the Protestant Reformation. Osborne, however, focuses on Martin Luthers intensely in-person reaction to his religion, his opinion, and his immortal the transformations he wrought in Europe exist more than as an divagation in this drama. As he did in earlier works, such(prenominal) as his groundbreaking Look Back in indignation, Osborne profiles an individual in conflict with authority, which in Martin Luthers case is the vast authority of the Rom an Catholic Church. In posting his 95 theses, Luther risked inevitable excommunication and brought the wrath of the highest perform leaders, including Pope Leo X, upon him. He did this despite his uncertainty active what would come next, for, as he tells Cajetan at the Diet of Worms (a city in Germany) virtually the Roman Catholic Church, A shrivel up arm is best amputated, an infected place is best scoured out, and so you pray for healthy tissue and something sturdy and clean that was crumbling and full of filth. Osborne dramatically depicts how Martin Luther followed his convictions in the face of great doubts, and so transformed Christianity forever.Plot overview symbolize 1Luther is set in Germany during the 1500s and follows several important events in the life of Martin Luther, the religious reformer, instigator of the Protestant Reformation, and founder of the Lutheran cartel. Act 1 opens at the convent of the Augustinian Order of Eremites in Erfurt, Germany, in 1506. I n the presence of the other members of the convent and his disapproving father, Luther is received into the order. after(prenominal) the oath has been sworn, Luthers father, Hans, complains of his sons choice. Later, after his father has left, the monks gather for their meal Luther has the job of waiting on the others. A reader lectures the hands on their duties to God, doing His good works, and the rules they must follow. The men then make their confessions, but while most ofthe monks confess to trifling sins, Luther continually castigates himself harshly, calling himself a worm, and sharing visions that are filled with images of sex and violence. At the end, Luther has a fit and has to be dragged away by two other monks. Scene 2 takes place one year later as Luther is about to perform his first of all mass. Beforehand, he talks with Brother Weinand about his doubts, revealing that he still feels envy and impatience, and that he intrusts that God hates him. Weinand says it is n ot God who is sore with Luther but Luther who is provoked with Him.Scene 3 focuses on the meeting between Luther and his father, Hans, following Luthers mass. Hans still cannot understand why Luther would give up earthly pleasures such as fortune and family life to become a monk. Hans suggests that Luther only became a monk through fear, the result of a promise made during a thunderstorm.Act 2Act 2 opens at the marketplace in Jterbog in 1517, where John Tetzel is selling indulgences. Scene 1 is Tetzels monologue exhorting people to steal the indulgences and ensure their swift assent to heaven. Scene 2 shifts to the Eremite Cloister in Wittenberg, where Luther talks with his mentor, Johann Von Staupitz. Through the conversation, Luthers scholarly success (he has earned a doctorate in theology) is revealed, as are his continuing doubts and discontent. Luther has become obsessedwith the rules of his order, according to Von Staupitz, because it protects him from admitting that he can not submit to anyones authority but his own. Stauptiz points out that Luther demands from himself an impossible standard of perfection andnotes that he has been unable to keep all his vows but that God should still grant him salvation because of his love of Christ. Von Staupitz similarly talks about the Dukes annoyance with Luthers sermons against indulgences. Scene 3 shows Luther arriving with his 95 theses at the Castle Church in Wittenberg. In a monologue, he gives a sermon to the crowds, telling the common people there is no security in the purchase of indulgences and repudiating the idea that doing good works leads to personal salvation. The works are just if the man is just, he says. If a man doesnt intrust in Christ, not only are his sins mortal, but his good works.Scene 4 takes place at the Fugger Palace in Augsburg in October 1518 as Cajetan, a perform leader, confronts Luther about his actions. Cajetan explains to Luther the popes three demands he must spring his sermo ns, not spread his ideas in the future, and stop causing disturbances among the church. Despite Cajetan telling Luther that his actions threaten the sensation of Christendom, Luther will not take a hop. Cajetan has no choice but to refer thisdifficult matter to the pope. Scene 5 takes place in a hunting fit in northern Italy in 1519. Pope Leo X reads a letter he has received from Luther in which Luther says he will not close in his theses. The pope sends a letter to Cajetan that excommunicates Luther and banishes him from Germany. Scene 6 takes place at the Elster Gate in Wittenberg in 1520. In this brief monologue, Luther reveals that he has been served excommunication papers. He burns this paper, called the papal bull.Act 3Act 3 opens on April 18, 1521, at the Diet of Worms, where Germanys Christian princes have called Luther to ask if he will pull the beliefs he espouses in his books dissenting with church doctrine. Luther explains that his makeups fall into three categorie s the first deal with certain values of faith and morality that both his supporters and his enemies tick are harmless the second group attack the fountain that has tyrannized Germany the third criticizes the enemies of his religion, even if they are holy individuals, and defends the teaching of Christ. Luther declares that he cannot retract any of these works, for to retract the first group would be to condemn the things that those in favor and those against Luther agree upon to retract the second group would be to invite more tyranny on Germany to retract the third group would be to allow such situations to continue. Luther asks if anyone can expose his errors through Scripture if this can be done, he will retract his books. Von Eck refuses his proposal. Do reasons have to be given to anyone who cares to ask a question? he asks. Why, if anyone who questioned the common understanding of the church on any matter he liked to raise, and had to be answered irrefutably from the Scriptu res, there would be nothing certain or decided in Christendom. Von Eck further points out that Luthers disobedience threatens the stability of the church by casting doubt upon it, yet Luther refuses to recant. Scene 2 takes place in Wittenberg in 1525. Luther and the Knight speak of the Peasants Movement, a revolt which had begun the previous year and which was apace suppressed. The peasantshad been encouraged by Luthers ideas of independence, but the Knights speech reveals that Luther opposed the peasants. The Knight tells Luther that he could have brought freedom and order if he had s as well asd on their side, but Luther explains his lack of social function because Theres no such thing as an orderly revolution. The Knight accuses Luther of siding with the princes and killing the spirit of independence he had helped foster. Luther, growing angry, says that the peasants deserved to die becausethey ignored authority. At end of the scene, with the Knight watching, Luther marries fo rmer nun Katherine Von Bora. Scene 3, the final scene of the play, returns to the Eremite Cloister, twenty-four years after Luther joined the order. It is no longer a monastery but Luthers home, where he lives with his wife and sixchildren. Von Staupitz joins them for a meal, and the two men discuss all that has happened since Luther posted his theses the development of Germany and the German language, and the accessibility of Christianity to the common people. after(prenominal) hearing Luthers repudiation of the Peasants War, Von Staupitz asks Luther not to believe that he is the only one who is ever right. Von Staupitz departs, and Katherine enters the room, carrying their young son, Hans, and Luther takes him from her.THEMESThemesLoss of FaithMartin Luthers religious crisis-and the resulting Protestant Reformation-stemmed from his loss of faith in the teachings and practices of the church. Osborne does not analyze the social, political, and economic causes of the religious refor mation that swept Europe in the 1500s instead, he focuses on Luthers personal struggle. Luther takes action, posting the 95 theses, that makes him the first protestant, but even originally this, his doubt is evident. The man who joins the monastery is prone to despair, histrionics, and self-castigation. His anxiety arises from his uncertainty about the vows that he upholds. Eventually, Luthers doubts about Roman Catholic doctrine, as tumefy as his disgust for the moral laxity of church leaders, lead him to reject both. Yet, even when doing so, Luther is not certain of his actions. As he reveals to Von Staupitz decades later, he waited a mean solar day to answer the questions posed at the Diet of Worms because he was not sure I listened for Gods voice, but all I could hear was my own. It is important to remember, however, that Luthers rejection of the church does not equate with a rejection of God. When called to the Diet of Worms to recant his beliefs, Luther refuses to do so bec ause his conscience is captured by Gods own word. Upon receiving the papal bull excommunicating him, Luther asks God for help. I rely on no man, only on you, he says. My God, my God do you hear me? Are you dead? Are you dead? No, you cant die. You can only blot out yourself, cant you? Luthers doubts in Gods ability to help him in his isolation are clearly evokeed here as are his belief in Gods unremitting presence. By the end of the play, which takes place toward the end of Luthers life, Luther demonstrates far less doubt about his relationship with God. In sharing the story of Isaac and Abraham, he emphasizes mans obedience to God. In a conversation with Von Staupitz regarding the surfacelion of the Peasants War, he declares, for there is no power but of God the powers that be are ordained of God. Whosoever therefore resistant that power resistant the ordinance of God. In these words, Luther implies more certainty than in previous years, for if he had actually showed the obedi ence that he exalts, he never would have rebelled against the church and its practices and leaders.Father-Son RelationshipsMartin Luthers relationships with the various father figures in his life each present their own set of complexities. His attitude toward these ties is best summed up by his words in act 1 I suppose fathers and sons always disappoint each other. His father, Hans, is a driving force in his life. The play suggests that one reason that Luther became a monk was to get away from his fathers domination. Hans wanted his son to become a lawyer or a magistrate, anything but a priest, a profession that takes him away fromthe hooey world. Hans believes that his son chose to become a monk because he has given up and needs to run away from life. Luther, however, tells his father, All you want is me to justify you, clearly covering that he feels like a pawn for his father, one with the purpose of fulfilling the older mans expectations. This relationship remains difficult thro ughout Luthers life as he reveals to Von Staupitz in the final scene, He Hans was never pleased about anything I did. . . . Only when Katie and I were married and she got pregnant. Then he was pleased. This revelation suggests that Hans is also concerned with the lengthiness of his family line, which can only be carried on by Luther since his other two sons died in the plague. Luthers relationship with his spiritual Father is as difficult if not more so. At various points throughout the play, Luther entreats God for guidance and casts himself as a helpless child. After his excommunication, Luther sees himself as a lost child, a stillbirth, and pleads with God to Breathe into me . . . yes, my correctly fortress, breathe into me. Give me life, oh Lord. Give me life. In this instance, God takes on the role of the father, creating the son. At other times, Luther rebels against God, much as he rebels against his earthly father. To this Luther, God is an angry being, one who demanded m y love and made it impossible to return it. Another father figure exists for Luther Von Staupitz. Like a father, the older theologian tries to set Luther on an easier passage than the one he consistently seeks for himself. By the plays final scene, Luther openly refers to Von Staupitz as Father and asks questions that children are likely to ask of their parents, such as Are you pleased with me? The play ends on yet another(prenominal) representation of the father-son relationship Luther is holding his youngson, appropriately named Hans.Resistance to AuthorityAs Luther resists the authority of his father, he also resists the authority of the church but with far greater consequences. The church leaders, parroting the beliefs of the pope-the highest religious authority expect complete allegiance Luther must not question church doctrine. I ask you says Von Eck at the Diet of Worms, dont throw doubt on the most holy, orthodox faith . . . This faith has been defined by sacred councils, a nd confirm by the church. It is your heritage, and we are forbidden to dispute it by the laws of the emperor and the pontiff. While in earlier scenes, Luther has been seen adhering too strictly to the rules of his order, as Von Staupitz points out, in the words of Herbert Goldstone committal to writing in Coping with Vulnerability, Luther actually ridicules authority to set himself up as the only authority capable of determining his relationship to God. In doing so, Luther challenges the church power structure that forces regular people to deal with God through the mediation of a priest in the case of a priest, the pope and other high church officials are the mediators. In his letter to Pope Leo X, Luther shows his own sentiency of self-importance when it comes to religious matters. Luther alone dares protest the complaints that the German people hold about the avarice of the priests. While everyone else is too filled with terror at the popes reaction, Luther strives to protect th e glory of Christianity by publishing his 95 theses on the Castle Church in Wittenberg. And now, most holy father, the whole world has gone up in flames, he writes, but, a mere few lines later, Luther asks the pope for his help because Luther is far too insignificant to appear before the world in a matter as great as this. Luthers words are seemingly disingenuous, especially so for a man of his superior intellect and sensitivity, as he has recently elected him as the one person to stand up and defend God and His purity. Luther grows more conservative in his views, particularly by 1525, when he critiques the failed Peasants War, which his religious rebellion helped spark. However, he still flouts the authority of the clergy by marrying, notably, a former nun. He also nostalgically looks back on his former actions, telling his young son, You should have seen me at Worms. . . . I have come to set a man against his father, I said, and they listened to me.STYLEepos TheaterMost critics ag reed that Luther aimed at being epic drama along the lines of the work of German playwright Bertolt Brecht. Epic theater is a form of drama that presents a series of loosely connected scenes. Often, a narrator figure will address the audience with analysis or argument. As practiced byBrecht, epic theater sought to use alienating effects to cause the audience to think objectively, not emotionally, about the play and its characters. In technique, Luther shows a strong Brechtian influence,notably, that of his play The Life of Galileo. Like Brechts drama, Luther is a series of short scenes, most of which could function as stand-alone units. The pose decorations, which Osborne clearly describes, are evocative and imbued with symbolism and iconography. A choral figure, in this case the Knight, announces the time and setting of each scene and narrates background details particularly concerning Luthers role in the Peasants War. Osborne, like Brecht, also wanted to portray contemporary soc ial problems and realities on stage in Luther, the title character is the Angry offspring Man of 1960s British society, a young man who feels rage at the established sociopolitical system in which he lives. While many critics saw Luther as epic theater, scholar Simon Trussler staunchly disagreed withthis assessment. In his Plays of John Osborne, applying Brechts criteria that epic theater collections less to the feelings than to the spectators reason, he contended that the play is dramatic rather than epic, for Luthers primary appeal is indeed emotional rather than rational.SymbolismPerhaps the most notable symbolism that Osborne uses in Luther is Luthers poor physical health. He suffers from seizures, insomnia, boils, and chronic constipation. His pains express his mental battles, and his inability to purge himself bodily represents his difficulty breaking free from the churchs beliefs. Luther himself views his religious upheavals in terms of the physical body. For example, in h is discussion with Von Staupitz, just before he posts his 95 theses, Luther likens himself to a ripe stool in the worlds straining anus, and at any moment were about to let each other go. When he finally formulates his own doctrine (that salvation is based only on faith in God and not on good works), it is while experiencing another bout of constipation with the realization that The just shall live by faith, Luther recalls, My pain vanished, my bowels flushed and I could get up. On another level, however, as Alan Carter pointed out in John Osborne, To show Martins constipation, his indigestion, his excessive perspiration, is to show him as an ordinary human being. A man who would appeal to the earthy German peasantry, and who would be able to fire up them to action. He is a direct contrast to the effeminate, sophisticated Latin churchmen of the period. This common folk appeal is important for, as the Knight points out, Luther helped the people begin to believe in an image as Christ as a man as we are . . . that His supper is a plain meal like their own . . . a plain meal with no garnish and no word.NarrativeLuther does not have a strong narrative drive in the traditional sense encompassing several decades, it does not tell the complete story behind Luthers protest. Alan Carter wrote in John Osborne that because Osborne is weakest as a story-teller, he makes the play resemble a medieval historical pageant, full of vivid theatrical moments. The play in its entirety shows explicit change in Luthers development of a more personal relationship with God and implicit change in the references to the transformation his beliefs have brought to Germany. The narrative drive focuses more on Luthers interior battles with his own lack of faith than exterior battles with church leaders.CRITICAL OVERVIEWCritical overviewLuther was Osbornes second consecutive historical play, and English audiences who had, for the most part, failed to respond to the first (A Subject of Scandal and Concern) were very comic to see how it would fare. For the most part, it was declared a success by the public and the critics alike, creating as much of an impact as Look Back in Anger had. Kenneth Tynan, writing for The Observer (quoted in Alan Carters John Osborne), described the play as the most eloquent piece of dramatic writingto have dignified out menage since Look Back in Anger. While some reviewers contended that the play was not historical enough, other critics welcomed Osbornes more universal portrayal of Luther as a rebel to whom audiences of any period could relate. Carter, as well, wrote in his study John Osborne that while Luther had a historical setting, its theme was quite modern. In 1963, Luther went on to a take reception in the United States, where it was widely hailed and appreciated for its universal themes. It won several awards, including a Tony for best play of the 1963-64 season. Luther also solidified Osbornes international reputation. Since its deb ut, and as Osbornes stature continued to rise, many scholars have examined Luther with regard to how it fit in with themes and characters in the playwrights body of work. Herbert Goldstone wrote in Coping with Vulnerability that Luther presents still another version on success failure as seen in one of Osbornes earlier plays, The Entertainer. He also compares Luther to Jimmy Porter, the hero of Osbornes pivotal Look Back in Anger, in both characters need to be different from others. However, Goldstone also pointed out that, unlike Osbornes earlier characters, Luther attempts to cope with his feeling of helplessness and despair in realizing himself . . . openly and forcefully, both privately and publicly. Katharine J. Worth wrote in her 1963 article The Angry Young Man that Luther was also the first of Osbornes heroes to be shown in conflict with his intellectual equals. She prospect that the play marks a new phase in Osbornes dramatic art. Its increased range and flexibility sugge st interesting possibilities for his future development. In 2001, Luther was re-produced on the London stage even forty years later, Osbornes words were stirring and powerful. This is a big, angry, eloquent play, wrote John Peter in the Times (London). Seeing it again after so long, what impresses me is how deeply Osborne had immersed himself in his subject without making his play ponderous. Like their predecessors, several critics also noted the timelessness of the piece, which showed that Osborne was, in the words of Michael Billington writing in the Guardian, far more than a chronicler of contemporary anger.

An Introduction To Accounting

An Introduction To method of accountingAIS is a system that collects and store be data, after that process the data into roleful selective tuition used by the finding makers ( interior and outer exploiters). The development produced by AIS can help decisiveness maker to manage their business more than efficiently strategically. However, accounting development system can be manual using the traditional way of spiriting business transactions manually using paper-and-pen. Today the boundary AIS referred to as compound computer tooth root system that merges the ability of information technology together with traditional accounting principles and practices.Accounting information systems consist of sextuplet componentsPeople users who work on the systemsProcedures and instructions the process of collecting, managing and storing the dataData data which is related to the fraternity and its business.Software application that processes the business data randomness technology in frastructure the physical devices like personal computer and systemsInternal controls and security measures which is employed to secure the dataIn the beginning, AISs were mainly developed in-house as legacy systems. These kinds of solutions are difficult to develop and require a high cost to maintain. In the present day, AIS are sold as prebuilt software packages from vendors. The close to popular vendors for AIS are Microsoft, Sage, Group, SAP and Oracle where they customize the software to mach organizations business processes.Modern AIS follows a multitier architecture, which separate the application processing and data management in contrasting layer from the presentation to the user. The presentation layer manages how the information is displayed and used by functional users of the system (through client application, web browser or planetary device). All the data in the system is stored and packed by a centralized database. this accommodates transactional data generated fr om the core business processes such as inventory, purchases etc. when a transaction occur from business event the data is collected and stored into the system database where it can be processed into useful information used by decision makers.A big benefit from computerize accounting information system is that they automate and make monetary reporting more efficient. Accurate and summarized, timely information is a major tool for organizations decision making and financial reporting. The accounting information system pull imports data from the system database, process and transform it and at long last produces information and reports which can be easily consumed and analyzed by the users, managers and decision makers. These systems are required to ensure that the reports are timely and relevant so that decision makers are able to quickly and efficiently base on the information provided in the reports. Consolidation is one of the greatest characteristic of reporting as user does not have to go through a massive number of transactions. For example, at the end of the accounting period an accountant consolidates all payments by rail a report on the system. The system application layer reclaims the data stored in the system database and produces a report with the total payments made to the vendors for that particular period. With sizeable corporations which have huge volume of transactional data, generating a report without AIS can take day or even weeks.Case study backgroundRiver Adventures is a xv years old company located in Cheddar, Somer mountain, owned and managed by Robin Forsythe. Until recently river adventures business has been highly seasonal offering 2 different kayaking instruction for beginners and Intermediate level as well as kayak and rafting trips down the river Axe in Somerset. They usually rent equipment to participant if they required. However, the company is facing an exciting challenge which will alter the size, the type of service offer ed and the seasonality of the businessFinancial management and business processes fieldRobin operating his business really informally using manual procedures in all areas. He always predicts the expenses for each course based on his working experience. He too manages the buy activities of the company and issue invoices for participants on the course. At the end of the year he determines his profit by his total revenue minus the total expenses during the year. Robin set the prices by consider his profit from the previous year, assess his competitors price and make adjustment for inflation.Robin employs an office administrator along with a number of kayak instructors and raft guides. The administrator manages Account Payable and Cash Receipts and records them in the Income Journal. He also maintains simple general ledger and payroll register for impose purposes only, and no use of this accounting data is made for financial planning or for operations control. River adventures adver tise through leading outdoor magazine, he also advertises about the coming seasons program on popular kayak retail notice board.ProblemRobin is not pleased with the arrangement of his business and he concern about how he will keep track on expenditure and revenues as the business get bigger. Robin feels that there is unnecessary wastage of the company resources as there is not real control over the cost of meals provided to the beginners course. In addition he notice that recently there is diminishing in the stock of camping as well as small items are also being lost. Robin has suspicion about the operation of marginally go to classes, but no analysis has been done to confirm his suspicion. Robin believes there is lack in his marketing activities and he can easily attract more customers by improving his marking activities.Business opportunityRobin know about 40% of kayaking course participants continue kayaking. As such his customer base reflects a target market for direct sales of kayaking and other equipment. He would like to expand his sales into a full scale direct mail service/internet business. Doing so would enable him to provide year-round work for some kayaking personnel.Users of Financial InformationAccounting information system objective is to identify record and communicate the economic events of an organization to the intended users. Accountant use this information to formulate reports and communicate financial information to the users. The type of information the user requires is rigid by the type of decisions they make. The information provided by the financial statements includes an organization resources and claims against those resources, as well as shareholders equity and changes in assets and liabilities. Financial information differs between the internal and external users. Accountants must understand the characteristics of information required by the different users of financial statements.In developing financial reporting standards, s tandard setters presume that those who use the resulting information will have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and be able to read a financial report (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2006, p. 2). The aim of communicating financial information to user is to let accountants to address the needs and interest of users. There are many different users of financial information and this include equity investors, suppliers, creditors, customers, employees, governments and their agencies and members of the public. Those users are identified as internal and external users of financial information.Internal UsersManagers use financial information to plan, organize and operate their business. Managers include marketing managers and harvest-homeion supervisors. Managers should be able to understand financial information to answer such questions as Is the cash flow sufficient to pay their liabilities? and Which product contributes higher profit to the company? acco untant produce internal reports to management for comparison and forecasting needs purposes such examples include comparisons of operating alternatives, projections of long-term financial sustainability, and forecasts for annual cash needs.External UsersThere are quite a few types of external users of financial information and this includes lenders investors and tax authorities. Invertors (owners) use financial information to determine whether to buy, hold or sell their shares. Whilst suppliers and lenders view financial statement to assess the health of an organization and to ensure timely repayment of credit. Other external users include equity investors, customers, creditors, employees, general public and governments and their agencies and regulatory bodies.

The Corporate Rationale Of The Virgin Group Marketing Essay

The Corporate Rationale Of The arrant(a) convention Marketing EssayRichard Branson,founder of virginal and is considered to be the individual(a) roughly important ingredient to all the masteryes that has been reaped.This lineament study examines the unadulterated throng corporeal strategy and it identities the relationships at bottom the vestal Group. unadulteratedes quantify adding activities and qualities argon discussed.The double-dyed(a) Group is comprised of many different assorted varietyes of taskes.The utter(a) Group is diversified into 200 line of merchandisees and it has a finger in each pie. Looking at the case the overall embodied rationale is simply a projection of Richards own philosophy and his personal persona that is revered and became respected by the commonplace.Richards high visibility allowed the saturated grime pull in to be the far most important asset to the company.All the businesses in the Virgin Group are strategically targeted toward s a five column empire that Richard created. These pillars are travel, leisure, moblie resounds, entertainment, retailing and personal finance. All the businesss in spite of appearance the empire all the managers to ask freedom to make decisions respectively for increment and allows them to get the same degree of ownership and honors.Richard Branson, founder of Virgin in 1970 is in the authors opinion the single most important reason to all the success that has been reaped up-to-date. The corporate rationale is simply a projection of Richard Brandons own personal philosophy, which he has introduced into the structure of corporate rational. The Virgin Group is comprised with many assorted mix of businesses.(Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)Corporate rationale is the way in which a corporate parent envisages the way that it can add value to its strategic business units. The Virgin Groups rationale is to diversity into as many marts feasible, and extend the Virgin brand touch on further a t a low cost where stature could be relied upon to reduce barriers to entry into static markets. The following will be discussed below.The Virgin Groups rationale is to diversify into as many markets that are feasible.They want to extend the Virgin brand name further at a low cost where stature could be relied upon to help reduce the barriers for entry into a static market. The Virgin Group looks for a challenge in every venture and aims to providing better quality products than the competitors do. The Virgin Group aims at entering a market that is bland in the growth phase. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)The Virgin Group sees itself as a restructurer, this means that it has low central costs due to relatively small corporate centre, with fairly minimal involvement at business level. However they vary from the portfolio managers because they overly set about trying to identify restructuring opportunities within their businesses and exact the skills and expertness in order to intervene and introduce these changes where necessary. ( Jenn,2008)The Virgin Group has a wide range of strategic business units about two hundred ranging from airways to drinks, and penning to publishing. Virgins corporate rationale is that they try to enter static market, in which there are few competitors and where consumers do not get value for money.The Virgin Group enters these markets that are still in the growth fix up and to try and shake them up, for example they did this with Virgin Airways and Virgin Cola.By entering the market that is still in its growth stage and has few competitors Virgin managed to produce the product or service for a slightly commence price than all some other competitors within the market then they should , along with their strong Virgin brand name. Virgin Group illuminateed a big market share fairly quickly because they had lower prices than everyone else.This is a good way in which to enter a market because it surprises the other competitors who may have become as well comfortable in this noncompetitive market, and has a potentially huge initial gain. Using the surprise tactic ensures that the other market leaders will not expected your move and settlement in a slow response , for example when Virgin entered the airways market, the British Airways had not anticipated them as competition and so were not prepared to be able to cut costs and compete. So Virgin Airways gained a big share of the market very quickly.Excellent management practices has also been refer to as a major strength of this gathering, and is there for one of the most significant components of its corporate rationale. The Virgin Group corporate rationale was also diversify into as many markets that were feasible and extend the Virgin brand name at a low cost. The Virgin Group looked for a challenge in every venture and aimed at providing better quality products to their customers and better than their competitors.The Virgin Group corporate rationale was to sacrifi ce their short-term profits in order to gain a longer-term growth and therefore they used an independent business level decision making method. This corporate rationale allows the managers to make decisions independently for growth and feel the same degree ownership and values that any other manager would feel in the Virgin Group. (Rob Abdul,30/01/02)Virgins rationale for expansion was based on uncut external diversification strategy and Richards constant need to be creative in his addresses to new challenges. For Richard the brand is very important and is an asset. The ultimate objective is to have an established global name and therefore the Virgin Group needs to have a number of core businesses with global potential, with expansion this can be achieved..Are there any relationships of a strategic nature between the businesses within the Virgin Group?The Virgin Group is formed by mingled strategic business units (SBU). A strategic business unit is a post of an organization for which there is a distinct external market for goods or services that is different from another SBU. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02) Basically, there are 56 strategic business units in the Virgin Group. For example, there are Virgin trip up and Virgin Trading in the Virgin Group.As preceding(prenominal)ly mentioned all the businesses in the Virgin Group are strategically targeted towards a five pillar empire system that Richard created. At the heart of Virgins core strategy is to develop the five pillars of the business empire which overwhelms travel, leisure, mobile phones, and entertainment, retailing and personal finances. Looking at the diagram below it shows that all the ventures have the same brand name.The Virgin GroupFigure 1, The Virgin GroupAs this diagram shows that the brand name is the main strategic relationship and this creates a strong acknowledgement from customers. Giving a venture the name Virgin sends out a message to the customers. The brand is associated with the words fun, innovative and daring. This can result in transfers of all marketing and promotional activities up to the present for the specific venture respectively. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)The Virgin trip consists of Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Holidays, Virgin Aviation and Virgin Balloon. The Virgin Trading consists of Virgin Megastores, Virgin Enterprises, Virgin Clubs and Virgin Cosmetics. Several strategic relationships exist within the Virgin Group. One of the most recent of these strategic relationships involves it offer to customers of digital and mobile phone services as well as broadband net income service.Virgin Digital UK offers digital music to a wide variety of customers in mediums that are compatible with a wide range of software and digital hardware. The company boasts a high preparation for this market as it has deep roots in the music industry, beginning with its record company Virgin Records, because of Virgins Records previous ownership and rights to many music tracks the co mpany has benefited by it having already at its disposal thousands of tracks to make available to the earthly concern (Baker Capital, 2005)This is the partnership involved with the mobile phone service company under the Virgin Label. Downloading music to mobile phones is an advantage that can be offered to Virgin mobile customers as an incentive to subscribe or switch to Virgin mobile service providers. This is also an advantage for the Virgin broadband provider, as it allows the Group to further integrate its digital services to include internet service and offer such packages and exclusive deals that have the potential to draw even more(prenominal) customers. (Marivic Butod, 2007)Another strategic relationship exists among the Virgin transfer of training companies. The Group of airlines (Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Galactic) have the distinction of offering the lowest fares for packages in the Atlantic and other parts of the world. The ability to offer flights to and from more unkn own and less-travelled destinations is given to Virgin because of partnership between and among the virgin airline companies of the different regions.Furthermore, the benefit is encompassing by the existence of a partnership with Virgin sound off that offers extended service via kickway farther into more unreachable regions of the European continent. The Virgin Group tries to create and grow relationships with directors, managers and pilots within Virgin Galactic and all the business in the Virgin Group strategically targeted towards travel, leisure, mobile phones, entertainment retailing and personal finance.All the businesses within the Virgin Empire allow the managers to make decisions independently and this allows them to feel the same degree of ownership and values that any other manager. Businesses were ring-fenced in order for the assets not to be switched between companies in the Virgin Group and if any company became too large another company would be put in its place.T he name Virgin became synonymous with Richard Bransons name and this key psychological strategy helps with marketing and promotions because this at the end of the day helps them expand and get well known. Therefore many businesses outside the Virgin Group have shown their beguile though joint ventures as the Virgin brand name is becoming well known.Does the Virgin Group, as a corporate parent, add value to its businesses? If so how?Corporate parenting places collective responsibility on local authorities to achieve good parenting for all children in their care. It requires ownership and leadership at a major(postnominal) level, this includes all elected members. They make sure all councillors in your council understand their corporate parenting responsibilities and are committed to fulfilling them. (Marivic Butod, 2007)The Virgin Group as a corporate parent values all its businesses. The Virgin Group achieves value by understanding the institutionalised markets. The Virgins manage ment team has done a good antic in identifying satisfaction in the market. The management team expertise and experience matched with the strategy allows the company to offer more for less.The Virgin group also added value to its businesses with the brand name and used the brand name to help overcome barriers to entry. The Virgin brand name is a consumers supporter and as mention onward the brand is much respected with the British public. The Virgin Group at a corporate parent also helps with limiting the risks for the other businesses joining in the joint venture.Any company, corporation or organisation that is in a joint venture with the Virgin Group had the benefits of limiting the risks associated in the market place. The other value that the Virgin Group contributes as a corporate parent is that they do not dispose the management teams. The Virgin Group has a matt management structure which helps encourage innovation, flexibility and it can help promote the values of shared ownership and responsibilities. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)The Virgin Group ensures that innovation is amongst the faculty members and helps ensure that the individuals are winning in their careers. The Virgin Group acquires partners that have the same mind set for the venture and they ensure that they match their ability to be innovative and create differentiation for their particular company. These innovative thoughts and ideas are then applied directly into the business and therefore helping it to be successful.Virgin peregrine is an example of this innovation as it formulated a partnership with the existing telecommunications operators to retail in mobile services. The virgin Group and their management team were successful at identifying that the agreement was in the handling of the network management. Due to their innovation of their joint ventures and networking it promoted a unique service to the market.Virgin as a corporate parent added workable value as well to its businesses by investing and developing the employees and real expertise. With all the joint ventures that the Virgin Group have make they did indeed limit some risks but they also contradicted some signals to the customers by having so many businesses and if the one performed badly the other separate businesses with the brand name stand a chance on been labelled as the same. (Rob Abdul, 30/01/02)In a sense the Virgin Group is a community, every itty-bitty Business Unit in it share ideas, values, interests, goals, and the most important, they share the same brand. Therefore the Virgin Group as a corporate parent have set standards and helped the businesses know exactly how to create value to the customers and how to ensure that the brand name is upheld.The Virgin Group as a corporate parent does value to its businesses and has achieved it though understanding the institutionalised markets, using the Virgin band name to overcome barriers to entry, it restrain risks by going into joint ventures with different companies, it does not restrict the management team and the Virgin Group shows innovation.Virgins management team have been doing very well when it comes to identifying a market that is still in its growth stage and markets with very little competitors. It is this expertise and experience that is coupled with the strategy to offer more to the customers for less and it has helped the Virgin Group plough though complacent business industries.As a corporate parent virgins brand name has helped to overcome barriers to entry. The fact the brand name is well established and accepted by the public it has helped with getting into certain markets and to expand into areas where the Virgin Group believes it can make a difference and offering something different to the consumers and a good price.Virgin has limited the risks by going into joint ventures and any company that goes into a joint venture with Virgin also benefits the limitations of risks in the market place. As a corp orate parent it helps the new venture as one have limited risks as it is under a well known brand of standards and low cost. It also encourages the management teams to be independent and make choices that will better the growth of the company.Virgins corporate rationale to innovation allows the staff members to be successful in their careers. The Groups acquires partners that say alike and that match their abilities to innovation and differentiation. This should then be applied to the whole business. For example Virgin Mobile formulated a partnership with existing telecommunications operators to retail in the mobile services. This innovation leads them to promote unique services and better offers to the customers.What are the main issues facing the Virgin Group and how should they be tackled?The Virgin group of companies was faced with two main issues. In the short term was the groups financial situation. A number of Virgins businesses were experiencing substantial negative cash fl ows. Despite plans to generate funds this still left poorly performing companies such as Virgin Express, Virgin Megastores, and Virgin Money, where offloading Bransons equity stakes would prove more difficult.Looking at virgin Atlantic which is an airline industry it indicates that the Virgin Group relied on this airline to make the profits and when deregulation increased the competition within the market place caused Virgin Atlantic to make some Losses. According to the Virgin Rail the biggest problem that they face is that the uses of this form of transport is voted as the unpopular rail operator and the fact that Virgins rail statistics were ranked low.Virgin Groups brand name was slowly chipped away by the press due to their personality of the rail transport. The Virgin Group, been a larger empire, faces publicity blindly due to the fact if things were going right all is good, but then all it takes is a handful of businesses in the empire to either experience unavoidable conse quences. Virgin Atlantic is an example of this as when there was bad services provided and with the bad publicity of the Virgin Rail it caused a disastrous effect opn the other areas within the empire. (Marivic Butod, 2007)Virgin name became diluted and doing analysis of the environment must be learned and that is what they did after these events occurred. The public is sensitive and as a corporate parent Virgin can add value to its businesses by investing and developing real expertise. Therefore Virgin should change its policy to accommodate both independent and joint ventures to rely on short term profits.The main issues facing the Virgin Group is Virgin Atlantic and virgin Rail. Virgin Atlantic is the airline industry and like any other industry it id cyclic. This proved to be dangerous in 2001 because the Virgin Group seemed to rely entirely on the profits of Virgin Atlantic. To make matters worse deregulations increased the competition in the market place and this caused all mo st competitors were experiencing losses.The biggest problem faced by the Virgin Group though was the strategic Rail Authority review in 2000 because it was the most public. Virgin Rail was voted as the unpopular rail operator and it was ranked 23rd and 24th out of 25 operators. This was a major issue as it damaged a part of the Virgin reputation. That was not bad until the press slowly chipped at the company. (Marivic Butod, 2007)CONCLUSIONThe key emphasis on this case was innovation and differentiation. The aim was to offer more for less and that each company was truly a Virgin in its own field. Although to some this notion may seem a bit too good to be true, yet no one can deny that the virgin group is one of the UKs largest private companies. Success was the result of Richard Bransons philosophy and approach in his company.By using effective leadership, giving motivation, employing effective communication, interaction, job redesign, building trust and respect, it is very clear th at the company has been performing well in various industries that it manages. The main aspirations of the Virgin Group of the companys key stakeholders is to continue expanding operations and various international business locations, new kind of business ventures and to enhance the reputation of the brand.Virgins marketing is customer focused and is apparent that every major and minor decisions and plans created are based on the result of researches conducted and founded on the customers. Furthermore the services and products are something better and more valuable. Virgin bases its pricing strategy on several key trends that shape the global marketplace.

How can we remove causes of hunger today Essay -- essays research pape

Q. How can we remove the causes of hunger in the creative activity today?At the end of World War II public officials and scientists from every last(predicate) over the world predicted that, with advances in modern technology, it would be possible by the end of the century to end poverty, famine, and endemic hunger in the world. Today these rosy projections have been replaced by hopelessness and resignation as perhaps one-fifth of the worlds peoples live in absolute poverty with incomes of less than $700 a year. The United Nations estimates that slightly 830 million people in the world do not have adequate access to food. An estimated 24,000 people die from hunger or hunger tie in causes, three-fourths of which are children under the age of five. Moreover, hunger exists not only in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, but also in the richest nation on earth. thirty-six million Americans do not have enough to eat, and the number is growing. In order to discuss eradication of hunger, we need firstly to identify some unbent causes. The immediate cause being improper food management over population, lack of purchasing power, ignorance and unemployment are the issues that worsen the problem. Lot of people in this world is hungry because some people misuse and waste the worlds abundantly available food resources. The first and an obvious solution to the problem because is to stop this, and to distribute them among the starving population. World production of grain alone is over 1.5 billion tons, enough...